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Research: what we are testing and where it stands

None of our own research has been published in a peer-reviewed journal yet. This page lists each instrument and study, and says exactly where it stands.

Last updated

ADHD Services is powered by EchoMind AI, whose research dataset holds 2.1 million assessments completed by 1.5 million users. Our clinicians and research partners are developing new screening instruments for adults, with a focus on women, non-binary and trans people.

None of this work has been published in a peer-reviewed journal yet. Each instrument and paper below is labelled with exactly where it stands. The date at the top of this page shows when we last changed it.

Where each piece of work stands

Established screeners

Published instruments we host. Other research teams developed and published them. We host them so you can compare your answers against well-known tools.

  • ASRS v1.1: The World Health Organization's adult ADHD self-report screener.Source: Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, et al. Psychological Medicine. 2005;35(2):245-256.
  • AQ-10: A 10-question short form of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient.Source: Allison C, Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012;51(2):202-212.
  • AQ-50: The full 50-question Autism-Spectrum Quotient.Source: Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, et al. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2001;31(1):5-17.

Initial cohort, N=115

Tested on one group of people. The group is small, so the label says initial cohort and nothing more.

  • Our masking screener: Asks about camouflaging: the effort of watching, adjusting and rehearsing yourself so you come across the way other people expect. It is validated on an initial cohort of 115 women and non-binary adults. The threshold has not been tested for men. Two newer modules are still being tested and do not count towards the score. The study has not been published in a journal.

In validation

Still being tested. These instruments do not have tested cut-off scores yet, so we do not quote any statistics for them. None of them gives a diagnosis.

  • Female-presentation ADHD screener: Written for the presentation that standard ADHD screeners were not built to see: attention that runs inwards, effort that stays hidden and patterns that shift across the month. It shows a band, from a light pattern to a very strong pattern. The bands come from first-pass clinical anchors that have not been tested yet.
  • ADHD-50: Fifty yes-or-no questions about how daily life goes: attention, feelings, restlessness, your senses and sense of time, work, relationships and sleep. It shows how many of the 50 you recognised, with no band.
  • AuDHD screener: One screener for people whose ADHD and autistic traits overlap and interact, rather than two separate ones. It shows a band, from a light pattern to a very strong pattern. The bands come from first-pass clinical anchors that have not been tested yet.
  • NEXA: A 96-question profile of how a mind works across eleven areas, from executive function and sensory processing to focused interests and trust. It describes your answers area by area, with no cut-offs and nothing to pass or fail.

Submitted for peer review

A paper has been sent to a journal and is being reviewed. It has not been accepted and it has not been published.

  • AURA: An adult autism instrument completed by someone who knows the person well, such as a partner, parent or close friend. This is called an informant report. AURA is not available on this site yet.

Papers under peer review

These papers have been sent to journals and are being reviewed. None of them has been accepted or published. We describe each one by its topic and do not name the journal, because many journals review papers without telling the reviewers who wrote them.

'Revising after peer review' means the journal has sent the reviewers' comments and the authors are making changes before sending the paper back.

  • Revising after peer review

    Combining information from different sources

    A design paper that sets out written rules for bringing together information about an adult from several sources, such as their own answers and the answers of someone who knows them, and for keeping any disagreement between the sources visible instead of averaging it away.

  • Submitted for peer review

    One questionnaire for autistic, ADHD and related traits

    How a self-report questionnaire in Brazilian Portuguese was built to describe autistic traits, ADHD traits and related experiences in adults in one questionnaire, instead of several separate ones.

  • Submitted for peer review

    A questionnaire completed by someone who knows the person

    How a questionnaire about autistic traits in adults works when it is completed by someone who knows the person well, such as a partner, parent or close friend.

  • Submitted for peer review

    Understanding what people mean in chat messages

    A task that uses short chat conversations and short stories to look at how adults understand what someone means when they do not say it directly.

  • Submitted for peer review

    What autistic adults find helpful

    A survey that asked autistic adults in Brazil how helpful they found medication and other kinds of support, such as changes to their surroundings, organisation aids and learning about autism.

  • Submitted for peer review

    Neurodiversity in Brazil

    A review of how autism and ADHD are assessed in Brazil from a neurodiversity point of view, including a look at who uses online screening questionnaires there.

  • Submitted for peer review

    Autism, joint hypermobility and autistic burnout

    A review of research on how autism, joint hypermobility (including Ehlers-Danlos syndromes) and differences in how the body controls heart rate and blood pressure may together relate to autistic burnout.

  • Submitted for peer review

    Repetitive behaviours and reading emotions

    A study of whether repetitive behaviours and focused interests in adults are linked to how they read emotions from photographs of people's eyes.

Other papers are still being written. We add a paper to this list once it has been sent to a journal for review.

How a label changes

The EchoMind research dataset

These figures describe the EchoMind research dataset. They are not ADHD Services clinic patient records, and no patient data or case details appear on this page.

The 88% figure is the share of data points that are neurodivergent. It is not the share of users.

Who we are

Our own screeners are NeurAtip instruments. Our clinicians and our research partner are developing them.

Research affiliation: NeurAtip Research Group, Dublin

Our clinical team: every clinician below is registered with a professional body. Irish Medical Council numbers link to the public register entry, so you can check them yourself.

Biographies for the whole team, including our leadership, are on the About page.

Research we read

Published, peer-reviewed studies by other research teams that we rely on. In plain language, each note says what the study found and what it cannot tell you.

Perimenopausal symptoms in women with and without ADHD: a population-based cohort study

Jakobsdóttir Smári U, Valdimarsdottir UA, Wynchank D, et al. European Psychiatry. 2025;68(1):e133. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10101

Researchers in Iceland studied 5,392 women aged 35 to 55. Of these, 535 said they had an ADHD diagnosis.

Severe perimenopausal symptoms were reported by 54.2% of the women with an ADHD diagnosis, compared with 30.1% of the women without one. The difference in overall symptom scores was largest in the youngest group, women aged 35 to 39. The authors conclude that perimenopausal symptoms appear at a younger age in women with ADHD.

What it cannot tell you: the ADHD diagnosis was self-reported. The women said whether they had been diagnosed, and the researchers did not check medical records. The study shows that the two things occur together. It does not show that one causes the other.

Our female-presentation ADHD screener includes questions about cycle and hormonal shifts.

Read how ADHD and autism present in women.

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